CDADAose gaosimea fa'atuatuaina ma fa'aulufaleina va'aiga ta'avale DC. O a matou oloa e maualuga, fa'alagolago, ma fa'atekonolosi. Matou te faʻapitoa i le atinaʻeina o fofo faʻapitoa mo pisinisi e pei o le malosi fou, tuʻuina atu ia te oe le atoatoa, tasi-taofi auaunaga OEM.
A DC ta'avale ta'avale ose masini puipuia fa'apitoa ua fuafuaina e fa'alavelave ai ta'amilosaga sa'o (DC) i lalo o le mamafa, pu'upu'u, po'o tulaga fa'aletonu. E le pei o va'a ta'amilosaga AC e fa'amanuiaina mai fa'aola fa'anatura o lo'o iai nei (100-120 taimi i le sekone i le 50/60Hz), e tatau ona tineia fa'amalosi e ta'avale DC.fa'aauau pea, fa'atasi arc e leai ni mea e tineia ai le tagata lava ia. O lenei eseesega taua e manaʻomia ai tekinolosi faʻamalo faʻapitoa, faʻatupuina le DC breakers faaletino lapopoa, sili atu le lavelave, ma sili atu le taugata nai lo latou AC.
O va'a ta'avale DC e fa'agaoioi i va'aiga eletise mai12V i le 1500V DC, fa'atasi ai ma fa'ailoga o lo'o iai nei2A i le 2500A. Latou te avea o ni vaega taua o le puipuiga i le la photovoltaic (PV) faiga, masini e teu ai malosiaga (BESS), taavale eletise (EV) faʻapipiʻiina infrastru.cture, nofoaga autu o faamatalaga ma le faasoasoaina o le mana DC, alamanuia DC afi pulea, ma faiga eletise o le gataifale.
Ole lu'itau autu ile fa'alavelave DC o lo'o i totonuarc extinction physics: DC arcs tausia koluma mautu plasma ma le vevela e sili atu i le 10,000 °C, e manaʻomia ai le faʻamalosi faʻamalosi, malulu, ma le faʻamalo e ala i maneta, arc chutes, ma mea faʻafesoʻotaʻi faʻapitoa.
|
Fa'avasegaga |
Ituaiga |
Ole taimi nei/Value |
Uiga Autu |
|
E ala i le Fausiaina |
2A – 125A, 250V – 1000V DC |
Fa'apipi'i DIN rail, fa'atulagaina malaga, PV nofomau/fa'atau |
|
|
10A – 2500A, 500V – 1500V DC |
Fa'atonu iunite malaga, maualuga le gau, alamanuia/fa'aoga |
||
|
DCle ACB |
630A – 6300A, 1000V DC |
Fuafuaga toso, puipuiga faaeletonika, tufatufaina atu o malosiaga |
|
|
Malosi-State DC Breaker |
100A - 5000A, e oʻo atu i le 1500V DC |
Semiconductor-fa'avae, <1ms fa'agaioiga, leai se arcing, tau fa'apitoa |
|
|
E ala ile fua ole Voltage |
Malosi maualalo |
12V – 250V DC |
Ta'avale, gataifale, feso'ota'iga |
|
Malosi tele (PV Standard) |
250V – 1000V DC |
La PV manoa, pusa tu'ufa'atasi, fale/fa'atau |
|
|
Malosi maualuga |
1000V – 1500V DC |
Utility-scale PV, teuina o maa, EV faʻapipiʻi vave |
|
|
E ala ile Pole Configuration |
1-Pole |
250V DC |
PV manoa tasi, maualalo-voltage DC |
|
2-Pole (Fa'asologa) |
500V – 750V DC |
Mid-voltage PV, so'oga fa'asologa lua-pole |
|
|
3-Pole |
750V DC |
Tolu-vaega DC faiga, fa'apitoa tau pisinisi |
|
|
4-Pole (Fa'asologa) |
1000V – 1500V DC |
PV maualuga-voltage, fata ma'a, mea tetele eletise |
|
|
By Trip Technology |
Mafanafana-Maneta |
2A – 800A |
Bimetallic overload + solenoid short circuit, taugofie |
|
faaeletonika |
100A – 2500A |
Microprocessor-faʻavae, fetuutuunaʻi pupuni, fesoʻotaʻiga |
|
|
Na'o maneta |
10A – 100A |
Na'o le pu'upu'u, puipuiga afi, fa'agaoioia vave |
Fa'ailoga Taua:Polarity Sensitivity DC breakers e tatau ona makaina ilelei (+) ma le leaga (-) fa'amau, fa'atasi ai ma fa'ailoga o lo'o iai nei. O le fa'apipi'iina o polarity toe fa'afo'i e mafai ona i'u ai i fa'alavelave fa'afuase'i ona o le amio arc asymmetric.
E le pei o AC arcs e tineia fa'ale-natura i le taimi nei e leai ni kolosi, o DC arcs o lo'o tu'uina mai ai ni lu'itau fa'afuase'i tulaga ese:
|
Parameter |
AC Arc |
DC Arc |
|
Fuga galu o iai nei |
Sinusoidal, leai se kolosi i ta'i 10ms (50Hz) |
Fa'aauau, fa'aauau pea |
|
Arc voltage |
Fesuia'i ma le taimi nei |
Stable, mana'omia le fa'aumatia fa'amalosi |
|
Fa'aumatiaga arc |
Fa'alenatura ile kolosi ole |
Fa'aumi fa'amalosi + mana'omia le mālūlū |
|
Malosiaga Arc |
Pa'u, maualalo averesi |
Fa'aauau, fa'a'avevela vevela |
|
Laei fa'afeso'ota'i |
feololo |
Malosi e aunoa ma le tineia tatau |
|
Vava mana'omia |
Laiti |
2-3× lapopoa mo voltage tutusa |
|
Tekinolosi |
Fa'ainisinia |
Fa'atatauga |
Fa'atinoga |
|
Fa'amalo maneta |
Lorentz malosi F = I × L × B fa'aoso le arc i totonu o papatusi vaevae i le 50-200 m/s |
Universal mo DC MCB/MCCB |
E sili ona taatele, taugofie, 10-20kA malepe |
|
Arc Chute ma Papatusi Splitter |
Ua vaevaeina Arc i vaega fa'asologa, fa'amalieina, fa'a'ona |
Fa'ata'ita'iga i va'a uma DC |
Vaega taua, voltage pa'u i le ipu 30-50V |
|
Maneta Tumau |
NdFeB maneta (0.1-0.3T) fa'asaga i le ala arc |
MCB DC fa'amau |
Leai se malosi mai fafo, vevela-mautu i le 150°C |
|
Electromagnetic Blowout Coil |
Coil fa'aola e fa'aosoina e le tagata lava ia e fa'atupuina fa'atatau i le taimi nei o faaletonu |
MCCB maualuga i le taimi nei |
Fa'ateleina le malosi i le taimi nei, fa'afetaui puipuiga |
|
Vacuum Faalavelave |
Ua tineia le afu ile vacuum (leai se mea e mafai ona ionizable) |
High-voltage DC, fa'apitoa |
Lelei mo> 1000V DC, ola umi, taugata |
|
Pa'u o le Ea |
E mālūlū ma fa'alolo le arc |
Alamanuia maualuga-malosi, talatuu |
Faʻaleleia maualuga, e seasea faʻaaogaina i mamanu faʻaonapo nei |
O le fa'atusa a Lorentz e pulea ai le fa'aogaina o le arc DC:
F = I × L × B
O fea:
F = Malosi ile arc (Newtons)
I = A'o a'o (Amperes)
L = Umi (mita)
B = Matete fe'avea'i mātele (Tesla)
Fa'ata'ita'iga Fa'atatau:
Arc i le taimi nei: 1000A
Umi ole au: 0.02m (2cm)
Mala maneta: 0.2T
Malosi: F = 1000 × 0.02 × 0.2 = 4N
Saosaoa: a = 4N / (5×10⁻⁴ kg/m × 0.02m) = 400,000 m/s²
O lenei fa'avavevave tele e fa'aosoina ai le arc i totonu o le milliseconds, lea e vaelua ai, fa'alili, ma tineia.
|
Vaega o Alamanuia |
Fa'atatauga Fa'apitoa |
Fa'amatalaga masani |
Manaoga Taua |
|
Solar PV (Nofo) |
Puipuiga o manoa, pusa tu'ufa'atasi |
10A-32A, 250V-500V DC, 2-pole, Ituaiga C pi'o |
UV tetee, IP65 puipui, 20kA Icu |
|
Solar PV (Fa'apisinisi) |
Pusa tu'ufa'atasiga autu, puipuiga fa'aliliu |
63A-125A, 500V-1000V DC, 4-pole, 10-20kA Icu |
Ambient maualuga (60°C), fa'asaga i le taimi nei |
|
Solar PV (Fa'aoga) |
Inverter tutotonu, aoina DC |
250A-800A, 1000V-1500V DC, DC MCCB, 50kA Icu |
Filifiliga faʻamaopoopo, mataʻituina mamao |
|
Teuga Malosiaga maa |
Puipuiga fata maa, pasi DC |
125A-630A, 750V-1500V DC, malaga faaeletonika, 4-pole |
Puipuiga fa'a-lua, maualuga fa'aa'au pupuu |
|
EV Totogiina |
Puipuiga vave DC, fa'aoga maa |
200A-400A, 500V-1000V DC, maualuga le tumau |
Fa'agaioiga faifaipea, osooso maualuga, SIL 2 saogalemu |
|
Nofoaga Autu o Fa'amaumauga |
380V DC tufatufaina, puipuiga UPS |
63A-250A, 380V DC, maualuga gau, maualalo le malosi tuʻuina atu |
Laiti taimi malolo, faamaopoopo filifilia |
|
Toso o nofoaafi |
Metro, tram, nofoaafi DC sapalai |
1000A-4000A, 750V-1500V DC, DC ACB |
Maualuluga faʻainisinia tumau, teteʻe teteʻe |
|
Gataifale/Matafaga |
Va'a DC tufatufaga, tulaga i fafo |
100A-400A, 500V DC, fa'afefete |
Sausau masima, vevela, fa'agasolo fa'agasolo |
Mea Matagofie IQC → Faʻafesoʻotaʻi Faiga Faʻapipiʻi → Arc Chute Assembly → Manetic System Integration → Mechanism Assembly → Trip Unit Calibration → Primary Assembly → High-Current Testing → Final QC → Packaging
|
Tulaga |
Fa'amatalaga Fa'agasologa |
Tulaga Pulea Lelei |
|
Fa'afeso'ota'i Fabrisika |
Silver-tungsten (AgW 70/30) po'o le 'apamemea-tungsten (CuW 80/20) fa'afeso'ota'i feso'ota'iga, u'u i le 'apa apamemea, soloina geometry fau. |
Ma'a'a HV 120-180, tete'e o le arc, tete'e fa'afeso'ota'i <1mΩ, malosi fa'apala> 80MPa |
|
Fausiaina o Arc Chute |
Pepa vaevae sima (6-15 ipu e faalagolago i le voltage), u'amea u'amea tamo'e, tu'ufa'atasi maneta tumau, optimized arc potu geometry |
Malosiaga dielectric> 3kV, taimi tineia arc <10ms, maneta flux density 0.15-0.25T |
|
Faiga Fa'amaneta |
NdFeB tu'uina maneta tumau (vasega N52), pou fa'ameamea masini, fa'alelei fa'amaneta, taui vevela. |
Flux density ± 10% fa'apalepale, fa'amauina o le vevela -0.1%/°C, fa'agata fa'amaneta |
|
Fonotaga Mechanism |
Kilo vave-faia/vave-vave, teuina o le malosi o le puna, so'oga e leai se malaga, fa'afeso'ota'i vaipuna omiga |
Fa'afeso'ota'i le saoasaoa tatala> 1.2 m/s, fa'ainisinia tumau 20,000 ta'amilosaga, taimi malaga <20ms |
|
Fa'avasegaina Vaega o Malaga |
Bimetallic elemene vevela fa'avasegaina (± 5% sa'o), fa'apipi'i gap solenoid maneta, fa'amaoniga o le pi'o o le taimi nei. |
1.05×I le leai o se malaga, 1.25×I le malaga <1h, 5×I le taimi lava, faamaumauga faamaumauga |
|
Su'ega maualuga i le taimi nei |
Su'ega tui muamua ile 10kA-20kA, fa'amaonia le fa'aumatia, fuaina o le vevela. |
Faʻamaonia le mafai gafatia, faʻafesoʻotaʻi ofu <5% pe a uma le suʻega, toe faʻaleleia dielectric |
|
Vaega |
Fa'amatalaga o Mea |
Tulaga Fa'atau |
Meatotino Autu |
|
Feso'ota'iga Autu |
Silver-tungsten (AgW 70/30) po'o kopa-tungsten (CuW 80/20) |
ASTM B702, IEC 60368 |
Tete'e maualuga arc erosion, anti-uelo, conductivity 45-55% IACS |
|
Papatusi Arc Chute |
Alumina ceramic (Al₂O₃ 95%) poʻo steatite |
IEC 60672 |
Tete'e vevela>1200°C, malosi dielectric>15kV/mm, arc tineia |
|
Maneta Tumau |
NdFeB N52 (Neodymium-Iron-Boron) |
IEC 60404-8-1 |
Toe tumau 1.48T, fa'amalosi > 1000kA/m, tumau le vevela ile 150°C |
|
Vaega Pou maneta |
u'amea maualalo-carbon 1008 po'o silaka silasi |
ASTM A1008 |
Maualuluga maualuga, maualalo remanence, taʻiala faʻamaneta flux |
|
Pusa Fa'ata |
BMC (DMC-2) thermosetting po'o PA66 GF30 |
IEC 60664-1, UL 94 V-0 |
Fa'asinomaga Su'esu'e> 600V, fa'afefe vevela 180°C, fa'amauina arc |
|
Fa'afeso'ota'i Springs |
Beryllium copper (CuBe2) po'o le sila u'amea 301 |
ASTM B196 |
Ola vaivai> 50,000 taamilosaga, mamafa faifaipea, tetee a'ia'i |
|
Terminals |
Kopa C11000 fa'atasi ma apa po'o fa'amea siliva |
ASTM B187 |
Ole malosi ole taimi nei 1.5-2.0 A/mm², maualalo le fa'afeso'ota'i, fa'ama'i fa'ama'i |
|
Elemene Bimetallic |
Inconel/pasivated uamea tu'ufa'atasi |
ASTM B388 |
Fuafua fa'aletonu 0.2mm/°C, mautu ±3%, fa'avasega sa'o ±5% |
|
Vaega Fa'aeletonika (mo iunite malaga fa'aeletoroni) |
PCBs tulaga tau alamanuia, Hall sensors, ARM processors |
IEC 60721-3-3 |
-25 ° C i le + 70 ° C gaioiga, EMC Level 3, SIL 2 gafatia |
|
Tulaga |
Aotelega |
Fa'atatau Fa'atatau |
|
IEC 60947-2 |
Meli eletise maualalo - Va'ava'ava'a (e aofia ai le DC) |
Tulaga fa'avaomalo mo va'aiga DC e o'o atu i le 1500V DC |
|
IEC 60898-2 |
Va'a ta'avale mo le fa'agaioiga DC (aiga) |
DC MCBs e oo atu i le 125A, 220V DC (1-pole), 440V DC (2-pole) |
|
IEC 61643-31 |
SPDs mo talosaga photovoltaic |
Fa'amaopoopoina le puipuiga o le si'isi'i DC ma va'a |
|
GB/T 14048.2 |
Fa'ailoga a le atunu'u Saina |
Tusipasi CCC mo maketi Saina |
Manaoga Fa'apitoa mo Su'ega DC:
Fa'ata'ita'iga fa'ata'ita'iga ole uta DC: Fa'amaoniga o le fa'agata o le taimi lea e matua fa'atuputeleina ai le taimi fa'amau
Malosiaga ta'i pupuu: Fa'ata'ita'iina i le maualuga DC voltage fa'atasi ai ma taimi fa'apitoa (L/R ratio)
Ova le fa'atinoga: Faʻamaoniga ole malaga vevela ile 1.45×In mo le 1 itula
|
Vaega Su'ega |
Su'ega Fa'apitoa |
Ta'iala Talia |
|
Si'itia o le vevela |
Fa'aauau pea i le taimi nei ile fa'atatau I |
Terminals ≤80K (siliva), ≤65K (leai), mataupu ≤40K |
|
Meatotino Dielectric |
Malosi-vave fa'afefe (2.5kV-3.5kV/1min), fa'amalosi (8kV) |
Leai se malepe, leai se flashover |
|
Uiga Fa'asa |
Ova le uta: 1.05×In (leai se malaga), 1.25×In/1.45×In (malaga i totonu o tapula’a) |
Taimi ta'avale masani ile pi'o |
|
|
Puupuu: 5×In, 10×I le malaga vave |
<20ms galuega |
|
Galuega Fa'atino |
Faʻainisinia: 20,000 taamilosaga; Eletise: 10,000 taamilosaga |
<5% fa'ase'e fa'ata'oto |
|
Ta'otoga Fa'aa'au Pu'upu'u |
Icu (ultimate), Ics (au'aunaga) i fa'amauina DC voltage |
Manuia le fa'alavelave, leai se uelo fa'afeso'ota'i |
|
Matautia DC Uta i le taimi nei |
Fa'amaoniga o tapula'a taimi fa'amau |
Leai se so'ona fa'aoso i totonu o le fua fa'atatau |
|
Fa'amatalaga Fa'amaneta |
Taimi fa'aumatia Arc, fa'amaoni potu arc |
<10ms umi arc, leai se potu malepe |
|
Si'osi'omaga |
Susū vevela, malulu, vevela vevela, vibration |
Fa'atino pe a mae'a fa'amasani |
|
Mea |
Su'ega Mea |
Fuafuaga Fa'ata'ita'iga |
Meafaigaluega |
|
Fautuaga fa'afeso'ota'i Tungsten |
Malosi, ma'a'a, mea siliva, fa'apalepale |
Ta'itasi vaega |
Spectrometer, su'ega ma'a'a, CMM |
|
NdFeB maneta |
Remanence, coercivity, coefficient vevela, faʻapipiʻi |
Ta'itasi vaega |
Hysteresisgraph, coil Helmholtz |
|
Papatusi sima |
Malosiaga dielectric, tete'e vevela vevela, fua |
Ta'itasi vaega |
Dielectric su'ega, potu te'i vevela |
|
O ave apamemea |
Conductivity, ma'a'a, mafiafia fa'apipi'i |
Ta'itasi vaega |
mita fa'aoso, micrometer, XRF |
|
Thermosetting palasitika |
O mea tioata, viscosity, taimi fa'amalolo, mu |
Ta'itasi vaega |
DSC, fa'ailoga fa'afefeteina fa'afefete, UL 94 meafaigaluega |
|
Nofoaga |
Pulea Parata |
Fa'atele |
Metotia |
|
Fa'afeso'ota'i brazing |
Temperature 800-850 ° C, siosiomaga, malosi faʻatasi |
Ta'i 100 iunite |
Thermocouple, sele su'ega, metallography |
|
Tu'uga maneta |
Fa'amaoniga polarity, flux density, alignment |
O iunite uma |
Fua mita, faiga va'ai |
|
Fa'apotopotoga fa'apa'u arc |
Va'aiga o le ipu, fa'aogaina o le maneta, fa'avasegaga o le tamo'e |
Ta'i 50 iunite |
Alu/le-a'i fua, fa'afanua fe'avea'i |
|
Mechanism calibration |
Saosaoa tatala, faʻafesoʻotaʻi malosi, malosi malaga |
O iunite uma |
Pueata maualuga-saosaoa, fua fa'amalosi, nofoa fa'apitoa |
|
Su'ega iunite malaga |
Taimi-taimi pi'o, malaga vave, taui ambient |
O iunite uma |
Su'e tui tui (10,000A), fa'amaumauga o fa'amaumauga |
|
Mea Su'ega |
Tulaga |
Fa'ata'ita'i Tele |
|
Fa'ailoga fa'ailoga polarity |
Fa'asa'o +/-/fa'ailoga o le itu i le taimi nei |
100% |
|
Fesootai tetee |
<1mΩ ile pou |
100% |
|
Dielectric tetee malosi |
2.5kV AC/1min |
100% |
|
Tete'e puipui |
>100MΩ @ 500V DC |
100% |
|
Uiga tausega |
1.05×In, 1.25×In, 5×In, 10×In verification |
100% |
|
Galuega fa'avevela fa'amaneta |
Su'ega fa'aumatia Arc i le taimi nei |
100% |
|
Galuega fa'ainisinia |
10 ON-OFF taamilosaga, fa'agaioiga lelei |
100% |
|
Su'ega va'aia & fua |
Fa'amama, fetolofi, fa'ailoga tumau |
100% |
|
Fa'ata'ita'iga maualuga i le taimi nei |
Fa'amaonia le malosi malepe (10kA) |
AQL 0.65 |
|
Fa'afa'ato'a fa'amaoni |
Su'ega pa'u, vibration (ISTA 3A) |
I le tele |
|
Vaega o Meafaigaluega |
Masini Fa'amatalaga |
Galuega |
Malosiaga |
|
Fa'afeso'ota'i Fabrisika |
Ogaumu fa'a'u'umea (10⁻³ mbar, 900°C) |
Tungsten-silver fa'afeso'ota'i brazing |
5,000 feso'ota'iga/aso |
|
Fonotaga maneta |
Fa'apipi'i maneta fa'aautometi fa'atasi ai ma fa'amatalaga polarity |
NdFeB maneta tu'ufa'atasiga, fa'amaoniga fa'alelei |
3,000 fonotaga/aso |
|
Gaosiga Arc Chute |
Osi ipu sima, fa'afana, fa'ameamea |
Fausia ipu vaevae |
10,000 papatusi/aso |
|
Fonotaga Mechanism |
Sel fono tagata faigaluega |
Fa'apotopotoga maualuga, fa'avasegaina |
2,000 iunite/aso ile laina |
|
Meafaigaluega Su'ega |
Seti su'ega tui tui (20,000A DC malosi) |
Fa'amaoniga malaga maualuga i le taimi nei |
300 iunite / aso |
|
potu su'ega Arc fa'aumatia (fa'ata saosaoa) |
Su'esu'ega amio a le Arc, fa'amaonia le fa'aoso |
50 iunite/aso |
|
|
potu su'e si'osi'omaga (vevela, susū, vibration) |
IEC 60068-2 tausisia |
100 iunite/aso |
|
Vaega o oloa |
Malosiaga ta'i masina |
Taimi ta'ita'i masani |
Avanoa Fa'atonu Fa'anatinati |
|
DC MCB 1P/2P (10A-63A, 250V-500V) |
200,000 iunite |
4-5 vaiaso |
5 aso |
|
DC MCB 4P (63A-125A, 1000V) |
100,000 iunite |
4-5 vaiaso |
7 aso |
|
DC MCCB (125A-400A, 500V-1000V) |
30,000 iunite |
4-5 vaiaso |
10 aso |
|
DC MCCB (630A-1600A, 1000V-1500V) |
10,000 iunite |
4-5 vaiaso |
2 vaiaso |
|
High-voltage DC (1500V+, fa'apitoa) |
Poloketi faavae |
8-12 vaiaso |
4 vaiaso |
|
Matagaluega |
Tagata faigaluega |
Tomai |
Tiutetauave |
|
R&D Inisinia |
5 inisinia |
DC arc physics, faʻataʻitaʻiga maneta, mea faʻafesoʻotaʻi, eletise eletise |
Atina'e fou DC breaker, faila pateni (35+ pateni), HVDC fou |
|
Fa'agasologa Inisinia |
20 inisinia |
Vacuum brazing, fa'apotopotoga maneta, fa'ameamea, masini |
Fa'atonuga o gaosiga, fa'aleleia atili o fua (>98%), Alamanuia 4.0 fa'atasi |
|
Su'ega & Fa'amaonia |
15 inisinia |
Suʻega DC maualuga i le taimi nei, suʻesuʻega faʻaumatia arc, faʻataʻitaʻiga o le siosiomaga, EMC |
Tulaga su'ega fa'amaopoopo (IEC 60947-2), su'esu'ega fa'aletonu, fa'amaonia |
|
Talosaga Inisinia |
12 inisinia |
Fuafuaga PV Solar, faiga e teu ai maa, EV charging, DC microgrids |
Lagolago fa'atekinisi fa'atau, mamanu faiga, fa'amaopoopo filifilia |
|
Fa'amautinoaga Tulaga |
30 tekinisia |
ISO 9001, ISO 14001, faʻatonuga faʻasologa o fuainumera, suʻesuʻega metrology |
Su'etusi fa'atau, su'ega fa'agasologa, fa'asa'oga, pulega fa'avasega |
O matou fale gaosi oloa e fai ma sui15 tausaga o fa'apitoa i le DC circuit protection, fa'aolaina va'a e sili atu i tulaga fa'alelalolagi e ala i:
Arc physics tomai: Fa'ata'ita'iga fa'ato'a fa'amaneta fa'atasi ma le fa'avasegaina o le malosi o Lorentz, ausia le <10ms arc fa'aumatia ile 1500V DC
Tu'ufa'atasiga tu'usa'o: I totonu o le fale tungsten-silver fa'afeso'ota'i u'u, NdFeB maneta fa'apotopotoga, ma sima arc chute gaosiga fa'amautinoaina le lelei atoatoa.
Su'ega atina'e: $4M+ fa'aagaga i fale su'esu'e DC maualuga i le taimi nei e mafai ona 20,000A su'ega fa'alavelave, fa'ata'ita'iga fa'avavevave (100,000 fps), ma fa'ata'ita'iga o le si'osi'omaga.
Malosi'aga fa'afouina: Fuafuaga fa'apitoa mo le PV sola (1000V-1500V), teuina o maa (puipuiga e lua), ma le fa'atonuina o le EV (maualuga le fa'afefeteina)
Malosiaga fou: Atina'e o va'a DC fa'avae semiconductor mo <1ms fa'agaioiga i fa'aoga taua o le puipuiga o maa
Mo faʻamatalaga faʻapitoa, faʻamaopoopoina o le puipuiga o le PV o le la, mamanu faʻapipiʻi maa, poʻo le faʻatulagaina o suʻesuʻega falegaosimea, e tuʻuina atu e le matou au inisinia faʻatalanoaga tuusaʻo e faʻamautinoa ai o loʻo faʻamalieina e au masini eletise DC uma manaʻoga saogalemu ma faʻamoemoega faʻalagolago i galuega.